Five countries

Active polio, mpox, and cholera surveillance led by INRB. Outbreak burden drives political attention; financing access constrained by low GDP.

Polio-led WES at INS Maputo with growing multi-pathogen pilot. Sewerage coverage and decentralisation are the key constraints.

Largest WES footprint of the five. NICD-led, but operating without a national policy mandate. Research-to-routine transition stalled.

Active polio, cholera, typhoid and influenza WES with regional AMR leadership. Detailed cost and coverage data still being collected.

Polio and SARS-CoV-2 WES via NCDC. Significant untapped financing including the Pandemic Fund. Detailed in-country interviews pending.